Viernes, 14 de Septiembre de 2012 09:53

Vértigo, cuando todo da vueltas

el oido... por dentro el oido... por dentro

Alrededor del 15% al 25% de la población a nivel mundial sufre de vértigo, que es una enfermedad caracterizada por la perdida de la ubicación exacta de quien la padece, y por la sensación de que todo da vueltas en torno a sí mismo.


El Dr. Ignacio Mora, Presidente del Consejo Mexicano de Comunicación, Audiología, Otoneurología y Foniatría comentó que “la perdida del equilibrio podría ser la definición más acertada de este mal que afecta a más personas de las que se cree y puede ser generado por múltiples causas, dentro de las cuales se destaca la perturbación en el sistema vestibular (Parte del oído interno)” 


También conocido como Vértigo de Méniére o Edema endolinfático, es un padecimiento crónico que afecta el oído interno y aunque por lo general es unilateral, hay personas que llegan a tener los síntomas en los dos.

Afecta principalmente a personas entre los 40 y 60 años y su incidencia es más o menos igual en hombres que en mujeres.

Aunque la causa exacta se desconoce, algunos especialistas la relacionan con la degeneración de las vellosidades del oído interno que son las encargadas de transmitir las ondas sonoras y otros la relacionan con el ruido o problemas ambientales.

Lo que sí se sabe bien, es que en todos los casos se relaciona directamente con los fluidos en los canales del oído interno y a pesar de ser muy molesta y de no ser una enfermedad contagiosa, ni fatal por sí misma, por sus efectos puede llegar a ser una enfermedad discapacitante ya que en algunos casos ocasiona sordera y por los síntomas puede ser causa de accidentes, sobre todo si los episodios o ataques son prolongados y repetitivos. 

Los ataques se presentan cuando sin motivo aparente aumenta el líquido en la zona del laberinto del oído interno, lo que produce una mayor presión y un trastorno del sentido del equilibrio que ocasiona la pérdida de equilibrio y la sensación de todo se mueve descordinadamente alrededor. 

Entre los síntomas previos puede haber: Migraña, zumbidos o ruidos conocidos como tinnitus y/o acúfenos, sensación de taponamiento o de tener los oídos “llenos”, dolor de oído, sudoración excesiva, sensación de presión en uno o los dos oídos. Y después se presentan mareos severos, con sensación de estar girando o dando vueltas, náuseas y vómito provocado por la sensación de estar girando, pérdida del equilibrio o balance y fluctuaciones y disminución en la capacidad auditiva entre otros. 

Es importante el diagnóstico oportuno y adecuado, para evitar complicaciones y para descartar otro tipo de problemas que también ocasionan síntomas similares, como: otitis o infecciones del oído interno, cinetosis, rinitis alérgica, traumatismos y golpes en la cabeza, lesiones en los nervios, tumores cerebrales, trastornos vasculares cerebrales o por el consumo de dosis elevadas de ciertos medicamentos y/o drogas.

Para el diagnóstico del vértigo se practican pruebas vestibulares (video-electronistagmograma), impedanciometría y audiometría. Pueden ser necesarios otros estudios de laboratorio o gabinete. El tratamiento dependerá de la causa desencadenante, debido a que como mencionamos anteriormente, existen diferentes tipos de vértigos” puntualizó el Dr. Ricardo Ceballos, Médico Audilogo-Otoneurólogo.

Para la realización de las pruebas de audición, el enfermo debe preguntar al médico sobre la preparación previa, que incluye la limitación del consumo de líquidos y/o el tomar un diurético antes de la prueba, para reducir el volumen de líquido corporal.

El uso de los medicamentos contra el mareo deberá siempre ser muy juicioso y solo durante los episodios agudos, ya que el uso prolongado de estos es causa frecuente de malestar crónico por falta de compensación. Su tratamiento dependerá de la causa, pudiendo limitarse a manejo farmacológico ó incluso cirugía, pero siempre deberá acudir a un especialista certificado.

Para prevenir, crisis o minimizar el daño... entre los cuidados que debe tener una persona con vértigo o con Enfermedad de Meniére, está el de la reducción o eliminación de sal en sus alimentos, que ayuda a controlar la frecuencia de los ataques al disminuir el exceso de líquido en el organismo. También es recomendable evitar el consumo de cafeína, alcohol, chocolate o fumar, que pueden desencadenar algunas crisis. 

Para prevenir accidentes, ya que la pérdida de estabilidad es súbita, es necesario que informe a sus familiares, amigos y compañeros de trabajo, sobre la enfermedad y qué hacer en caso de presentarse en una crisis.

Durante un ataque, la persona debe permanecer acostada, en una habitación oscura y lo más quieta posible, de preferencia boca arriba y con la vista puesta en un objeto que no se mueva. 

Puede tomar sorbos de agua fría o chupar hielos, para aliviar las náuseas y la boca reseca. 

Después de un ataque suele dar mucho sueño, por lo que deberá dormirse tranquilamente varias horas si es posible. En caso de que el vómito y la náusea, y si estos son excesivos es necesario consultar al médico para evitar una deshidratación. Para evitar un ataque también es importante evitar estar en ambientes ruidosos, el estrés y las tensiones.


Fuente: Cronica

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